Controlling Your Cholesterol Levels

What Is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a natural substance made by the body. Most of the cholesterol in our bloodstream (75%) is produced by the liver, and the remaining 25% comes from the foods we eat. We all know that elevated blood cholesterol levels are not good for your health, but the right levels of cholesterol actually play a vital role in maintaining cell membranes and synthesizing hormones. The Centers for Disease Control reports that one-third of adults have high cholesterol levels.

High Cholesterol Symptoms

Usually, high cholesterol does not produce any symptoms and you may not know your blood cholesterol is too high. Too much cholesterol can build up in your arteries, causing atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. This restricts blood flow through the arteries and can lead to serious medical problems such as heart attack or stroke.

Cholesterol Testing

The American Heart Association recommends all adults over age 20 should have their cholesterol levels checked every four to six years. Cholesterol screening is done with a blood test that measures three things.

What Appears on Cholesterol Screenings

• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ("good" cholesterol)
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol)
• Triglycerides

LDL Cholesterol: 'Bad' Cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, is the type that tends to deposit on the walls of the arteries. White blood cells combine with the LDL cholesterol, forming artery-narrowing plaque, which restricts blood flow. The optimal level of LDL cholesterol for most people is 100 mg/dL or lower. If you have heart disease, you may need to strive for LDL levels of 70 mg/dL or lower.

HDL Cholesterol: 'Good' Cholesterol

Not all cholesterol is bad. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is considered "good" cholesterol because it actually works to keep the LDL, or "bad" cholesterol from building up in your arteries. The higher the HDL, the better. HDL levels of 60 mg/dL and higher can help reduce your risk for heart disease. Conversely, HDL levels of 40 mg/dL and lower are considered a high risk factor for developing heart disease.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. Normal levels of triglycerides are 150 mg/dL and lower. Levels higher than that can raise your risk for heart disease and metabolic syndrome, which also is a risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.

Risk Factors for High Triglycerides

• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Smoking

Total Cholesterol

A cholesterol test will measure the total cholesterol in your blood, and your total cholesterol levels are made up of a combination of your LDL, HDL, and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein, another "bad" cholesterol) levels. A total cholesterol score of 200 mg/dL or lower is considered optimal. Levels above 200 mg/dL are considered high and can mean you are at greater risk for developing heart disease.

Cholesterol Ratio

When your health-care professional orders your blood cholesterol levels to be checked, he or she will interpret and discuss the results such as your cholesterol ratio and total cholesterol numbers (HDL, LDL, and VLDL), and what they each mean.

To calculate your cholesterol ratio, divide your total cholesterol number by your HDL cholesterol number. For example, if you have a total cholesterol score of 200 and an HDL score of 40; divide 200 by 40 and this equals a ratio of 5 to 1. The lower the ratio, the lower your risk of heart disease. Doctors recommend keeping your ratio 5 to 1 or lower. The optimal ratio is 3.5 to 1. While this ratio can be helpful in assessing risk for heart disease, your doctor will take into account your entire cholesterol profile and tell you what treatment is best for you.

Cholesterol in Food

Cholesterol in food is not the same as the cholesterol in your blood. For most people, the cholesterol in foods you eat has a minimal effect on your blood cholesterol levels. However, about 30% of people are "responders," whose blood cholesterol levels can spike following a meal high in cholesterol. “Responders” should avoid foods high in saturated fats and trans fats, such as oil, fatty meats, full fat dairy products, egg yolks, and many fast foods.

Cholesterol and Family History

Eating foods high in cholesterol and saturated fat is not the only cause for high cholesterol levels in some people. For many, genetics are to blame. A genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia can cause high blood cholesterol levels.

What Boosts Your Risk?

There are several risk factors for high cholesterol.

High Cholesterol Risk Factors

• Diets high in trans fats, saturated fats, and cholesterol
• Being overweight or obese
• Sedentary lifestyle

Other risk factors you cannot control include age (risk increases as we age), gender (women's risk for high cholesterol increases post-menopause), and family history.

Cholesterol and Gender

Women generally have higher levels of HDL, or "good," cholesterol because the female hormone estrogen tends to raise HDL levels. This is why most women tend to have lower cholesterol levels than men. That is, until menopause, after that, triglyceride levels start to rise. As women approach menopause it is important to eat a healthy diet, and maintain a healthy weight to help manage blood cholesterol levels.

Cholesterol and Children

Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) actually begins in childhood, and may play a role in development of heart disease in adulthood. Children with parents or grandparents with coronary atherosclerosis or any form of heart disease or heart attack, or whose parents have high blood cholesterol should have their cholesterol levels checked.

The American Heart Association recommends children should be encouraged to exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy low fat diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, and treat high blood pressure and diabetes (if the child has been diagnosed).

Why High Cholesterol Matters

High cholesterol puts you at risk for heart disease and stroke, leading causes of death in the U.S. High levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol can contribute to plaque buildup on the walls of the arteries, narrowing the arteries and restricting blood flow. If some of this plaque breaks off and gets stuck in a narrowed artery, it can block the artery and cut off blood supply to the heart or brain, resulting in heart attack or stroke.

How to Lower Cholesterol

Eat More Fiber: Diets high in fiber can reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol. High fiber diets also may help with weight loss, and being overweight is a contributing risk factor for high cholesterol. Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and beans.

Know Your Fats: The American Heart Association recommends that just 25% to 35% of your daily calories come from fats such as those found in fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. For healthy people, saturated fat should comprise no more than 7% of your total calories. On a 2,000 calorie-a-day diet, that’s about 140 calories (or 16 grams) worth of saturated fat. If you need to lower your LDL cholesterol, limit saturated fat to 5% to 6% of calories, or about 11 to 13 grams of saturated fat on a 2,000-calorie diet. Reduce trans fats to less than 1% of your total daily calories. This means avoiding fried foods and many junk foods.

Smart Protein: To reduce cholesterol, limit red meat and eat more fish and lean poultry.

How to Prepare Healthy Proteins

• Trim all fat from meats, and remove all skin from poultry before cooking.
• Broil or bake, don't fry foods.
• Drain fat from any meats before serving.
• Avoid processed meats such as hot dogs or cold cuts, even those labeled "reduced fat," as many are still high in saturated fats and calories.
• Oily fish such as salmon or trout are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which can reduce triglyceride levels and improve HDL ("good") cholesterol levels.
• Soy proteins can also have a beneficial effect and help to reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides, while raising HDL cholesterol levels.

Low-Carb Diet: Low-carbohydrate diets may help improve HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. The National Institutes of Health conducted a study that found while both low-fat and low-carb dieters lost weight over the two-year study period, low-carb dieters also improved their HDL cholesterol levels. The problem with low-carb diets is that they may be difficult to adhere to. Consult your doctor about the best healthy eating plan to manage your cholesterol.

Lose Weight: Losing weight can help lower your cholesterol. Being overweight or obese tends to increase your levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol. Weight loss can help reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and raise your HDL ("good") cholesterol levels.

Quit Smoking: Smoking is not only bad for your lungs; it also lowers your HDL ("good") cholesterol and increases your risk for heart disease and stroke. When you quit smoking, your HDL levels will rise. Discuss a smoking cessation program with your doctor.

Exercise: Exercise can increase your HDL ("good") cholesterol by up to 6% and reduce your LDL ("bad") cholesterol by 10%. Just 40 minutes of exercise such as walking, swimming, or cycling three to four times per week can have an impact on blood cholesterol levels. Talk to your doctor about starting an exercise program.

Cholesterol Treatment: Herbal Remedies

Garlic often is seen as a remedy to lower total cholesterol; however, a large trial showed garlic is not effective in doing so. Many other herbs and home remedies claim to reduce cholesterol as well.

Herbal Remedies Claimed to Treat Cholesterol

• Guggulipid (guggulsterone)
• Red yeast rice
• Policosanol
• Fenugreek seeds and leaves
• Artichoke leaf extract
• Yarrow
• Holy basil
• Ginger
• Turmeric
• Rosemary

Many of these remedies are not proven to improve cholesterol levels, while others are still being researched. Consult your doctor before taking any herbal supplement as many may have side effects or interact with medications you may be currently taking.

Cholesterol Levels: How Low Should You Go? 

When seeking to lower your total cholesterol, what number should you aim for?

• A total cholesterol score of 200 mg/dL is desirable.
• Aim for an LDL ("bad") cholesterol level of 100 mg/dL or lower, and an HDL ("good") cholesterol level of 60 mg/dL or higher.
• If you have high risk factors for heart disease or stroke, including high blood pressure, smoking, family history of heart disease, are over the age of 45 for men and age 55 for women, have low HDL cholesterol (below 40 mg/dL), and/or are obese or inactive, you may need to aim for LDL levels of 70 mg/dL or lower.

Can the Damage Be Undone?

The good news is you may be able to reverse some of the damage from atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup).

Reversing Cholesterol Damage

• A low-fat, vegetarian diet that has been shown to reverse artery blockages.
• A study in the British Medical Journal showed a low-carb vegan diet lowered LDL cholesterol levels.
• Regular exercise lowers your LDL ("bad") cholesterol and improves HDL ("good") cholesterol, in addition to strengthening your heart and cardiovascular system.

Curated from MedicineNet

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REFERENCES:

• American Academy of Family Physicians: "Nutritional Assessment and Counseling for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease"
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: "Cholesterol and Women's Health"
• American Heart Association: "Children and Cholesterol", "Cooking for Lower Cholesterol", "Drug Therapy for Cholesterol", "Know Your Fats", "What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean", "Women and Cholesterol"
• BMJ Open: "Effect of a 6-Month Vegan Low-Carbohydrate (‘Eco-Atkins’) Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Body Weight in Hyperlipidaemic Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial"
• CDC: "Cholesterol", "High Cholesterol"
• Clarke et al, British Medical Journal, May 27, 1997; pp 112-17.
• Medscape: "Familial Hypercholesterolemia"
• National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Inactivity, Exercise Training and Detraining, and Plasma Lipoproteins. STRRIDE: A Randomized, Controlled Study of Exercise Intensity and Amount."
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: "High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need To Know", "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Cholesterol?"
• The Ornish Spectrum: "Nutrition: What You Include In Your Diet Is As Important As What You Exclude"
• UpToDate: "Patient Information: High Cholesterol Treatment Options (Beyond the Basics)"